Using an Ofsted report for an establishment not known to you, identify Essay

Using an Ofsted report for an establishment not known to you, identify possible future actions to be taken by the school to improve performance - Essay Example Where these were good they contributed to a high level of ICT capability, which pupils developed as they progressed through the school and which they could apply progressively in a range of subject contexts. 13 The layout of computer rooms at Elfed was found to be unsatisfactory, usually because there was no room for pupils to undertake work away from machines. Where there was a flexible and spacious arrangement, this enabled a greater variety of teaching and learning styles in lessons and facilitated better lesson planning in line with the ICT strand of the Key Stage 3 Strategy. 16 Elfed had some provision for technical support. In some cases a permanent member of the support staff had been specifically trained and could assist with both technical and curriculum requirements. Teachers who lacked confidence found this level of support invaluable and were reluctant to use ICT without it. Such support also enabled the ICT coordinator to remain focussed on curriculum and staff training as opposed to non-curricular matters 16 ICT generally impinged on standards in other subjects in indirect ways, for example through improved opportunities for pupils to work collaboratively, creatively and to solve problems. Pupils were interested, enthusiastic and curious about ICT and this contributed to their engagement and motivation, including some who were otherwise reluctant learners. This drove them to explore the potential of ICT, sustained their concentration and promoted their independent learning. However, this was dependent on being part of a well-planned broader context such as appropriate teacher input and support to enable them to use ICT independently and successfully. 17 As the business world continues to reel from the effects brought about by technological change, the UK educational community is now experiencing the challenges associated with the transition to a more learner-personalized, ICT-enabled education. Some

Intellectual Property and Copyright Laws in Australia Essay

Intellectual Property and Copyright Laws in Australia - Essay Example Through the use of the copyright laws, the artists, songwriters, and music recording companies will be challenged to produce and create their own unique and artistic musical piece (Golvan 7). The copyright laws can be used to protect not only the creators of artistic designs but also those individuals who create their own music, sound recordings, dramatic films, and broadcast signals. Under the Australian copyright law, â€Å"the copyright term in Australia has been increased from 50 to 70 years from the life of the author† (Golvan 7; Remix'd). It means that the writer of songs who was granted a copyright for their masterpiece is protected by the copyright laws for up to 70 years after his or her death. With regards to the essence of intellectual and copyright laws in Australia, this study will focus on discussing why the remix culture can be read as a sustained critique of the intellectual property and copyright laws. To prove that the reproduction of remix songs can indirect ly violate the intellectual and copyright laws in Australia, several real-life examples will be provided in this paper. Literature Review Song remix is all about changing the form of an existing song by either enhancing the tone or the beat as a way of coming up with a more interesting sound and musical structure (James 24). By using the DJs special skills on basic scratches in order to match the beat, James explained that the DJs can easily alter the come up with an entirely new sound creation based on the original songs (25). Even though song remixed could offer an entirely new sound and beat, people who listen to remixed songs will always be able to determine and identify the origin of remixed songs. According to Martin, â€Å"the copyright laws in Australia and overseas – are not keeping up with the digital era and are stifling creativity† (Martin para 5). The problem with the remix culture is that DJs are using some form of digital gadgets (i.e. CD players, pitch control keys, etc.) in order to create an alternative music using songs that are already been protected by the copyright laws (James 24 – 25). For example, Martin mentioned that a couple of DJs based in San Francisco and Perth gathered in one occasion wherein these two DJs performed a remix using famous songs from Eminem and Aerosmith (Martin). Since the public viewers are patronizing remix songs, Martin pointed out that a lawyer in the Queensland University of Technology mentioned that a lot of amateur DJs are now demanding to have the right to produce remix songs whereby they should be given the title and protection for their role as a remix producer. Because of the absence of a more precise and clear legislation with regards to the practice of modifying existing songs through remixes, a lot of amateur DJs are technically guilty of copyright infringement yet these people are insisting that the remix culture is part of innovating new songs Derived from the copyright laws in UK, the Copyright Act 1968 in Australia clearly explained in section 31 that it is illegal to reproduce or disseminate all â€Å"literary, artistic, dramatic, musical work, sound recordings, cinematograph films, television, and sound broadcast† materials that are protected by the copyright laws and that the copyright owners of songs demand acknowledgement of their authorship from their musical masterpiece.

Gene Therapy In Genetic Engineering Applications

Gene Therapy In Genetic Engineering Applications Gene therapy is one of the applications of the genetic engineering. It is a technique which correcting defective gene that is responsible for disease development (cited Safdar, 2010). Gene therapy also involves the addition of healthy and functional copy of the faulty gene into the target cells of the body. Gene therapy generally works by inserting a normal gene into the genome to replace an abnormal gene in the target cells. There are two types of gene therapy. Firstly, germ line gene therapy which involves modification of genetic material in the gamete cells that would be heritable and can be pass through to the next generation. Secondly, somatic gene therapy which involves insertion of therapeutic gene into somatic cells of the patient that only effect to the individual patient only and will not be inherited by patients offspring.( cited in Ten Tailed Fox, 2009). Various genetic disorder diseases commonly are caused by faulty genes. With gene therapy, instead of treating the symptoms of the disease, treatment also target and correct the underlying cause of disease and eventually improve the faulty genes to normal genes. One of the genetic diseases that apply gene therapy as alternative treatment is Cystic Fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is one of the most well-known hereditary lethal diseases. A study conducted by UK Cystic fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium (UK CFGTC) stated that approximately, 50 000 people and 1 in 2500 newborns around the world are affected. CF is an autosomal recessive disorder which caused by the mutation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein that leads to abnormally thick secretion of mucus. The organs most affected by CF are the lungs, gut, pancreases, liver and reproductive tract, but lung infection is the most serious affected by CF. (cited in Metharom, 1997). Continuous inflammation, damaged lungs and respiratory failure are results of repeated cycles of infection that may leads to death. With the development of effective treatment to overcome CF, gene therapy was introduced by scientist in 1990 which promises new opportunity for CF patients to have a better and long life span. This gene therapy involves replacing the detective CFTR gene with the normal one in the affected cells. As the results, the functional CFTR are being produced in all target cells and the CFTR gene will then conducts the production of normal CFTR protein which acts as a medium that allows releasing chloride and other ions. But this is opposite with people who have CF, where CFTR protein is detective and the cells do not discharge chloride ions. Although, gene therapy has the capability in treating CF, it still faces with various issues. This report consists of history of CF gene therapy and genetic techniques of gene therapy on CF. Research findings also include the advantages and disadvantages of using gene therapy in treating CF. 2.0 BACKGROUND GENETIC Gene therapy has shows that much positive feedback in treating genetic diseases although there are many failures happened. Gene therapy for CF first discovered in 1990 when scientist treated defective CFTR successfully and they added the normal copies of the gene to laboratory cell structures. The first experimental CF gene therapy treatment was given to CFs patient in 1993 (cited in Schoenstadt, 2009). The table below shows the major events that occurred due to development of gene therapy in treating Cystic Fibrosis. 3.0 GENETIC TECHNIQUES In gene therapies, there are three main techniques that are being used in treating diseases. The first is Gene addition, in which the genetic material is added to the target cells with no attempt to incorporate it into chromosomes. Second one is techniques of gene repair that replace abnormal segments of DNA in defective genes in their normal chromosomal site. The last one is Gene replacement techniques which allow deletion of the abnormal gene from its chromosome and replacement with a normal gene. (cited in Sade RM, Khushf G., 1998). In order to treat CF, the common technique used is Gene replacement by using vector. Vector is a DNA molecule (virus) act as a medium to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Instead of introducing new genetic material into target cells vectors are also agents to which new genetic material is attached. Diagram below shows the working of a virus acts a vector in gene therapy. First step to do is designing a vector by modifying the gene of the virus. We need to remove the rep gene which codes for proteins that responsible for viral replication as well as cap gene, which codes for capsid structural proteins. Then, we insert the normal CFTR gene in the virus. Second step is producing the virus. After inserting the CFTR gene in the virus, we transfer the vector into a packaging cell line so that the vector will combine with protein needed to assemble the virus. Next, we collect the virus sample from the growth medium and add into the Petri dish containing the CF cells. The virus give effect to the cell as it integrates the DNA into specific location on chromosome 19. Last step, we transfer the vector into CF patient. CFTR gene in the cell will transcribe into mRNA and this induces the cell to produce normal CFTR protein in the target cells. Diagram below show the mechanism of vector in treating Cystic Fibrosis. 4.0 SOCIAL ISSUES In recent years, many types of techniques have been developed to identify genes associated with specific diseases. Society always debate over the ethics of using gene technology to treat human beings when recombinant DNA research began. Tables below show advantages, disadvantages, ethical and social of practicing gene therapy to treat genetic diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis. ADVANTAGES OF GENE THERAPY Gene therapy promotes in providing better and normal life for those who practise the therapy. (Ten Tailed Fox, 2009). The practice of gene therapy on CF patients can solve their problems by replacing none functional gene with functional one. (cited in S. Muniba, 2010) Gene therapy has high success rate compared to other methods in treating CF disease. Gene therapy helps patients to avoid from practicing unnecessary treatment and alternative which may be dangerous to them. SOURCE: http://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-Article/Gene-Therapy-Advantages-and- Disadvantages-271.html DISADVANTAGES OF GENE THERAPY Scientist stated that correcting the defect in people who had diseases is much harder than achieving correction in cells in the laboratory .It means that there are also numbers of trial that results in failure. (cited in Healingwell.com ) Practice of gene therapy using vector may induce immune response in the patients. The gene that is injected or sprayed into patients target cells may trigger antibodies to kill the vectors. ( cited in William, 2000).This is because virus is used as a vector to transport the therapeutic gene. The use of gene therapy in treating CF will cause in diminishing the gene pool. Their patient s next generation will have to survive with the changes in their genomes.(cited in Sade RM, Khushf G., 1998 ). Chance of inducing a tumor .If the DNA is integrated in the wrong place in the genome, for example in a tumor suppressor gene, it could induce a tumor. (cited in Healingwell.com) SOURCE: http://academicdepartments.musc.edu/humanvalues/pdf/gene-therapy.pdf In conclusion, gene therapy is a best solution in treating cystic fibrosis because it has the high chances to eliminate this genetic disorder disease. Muniba stated that gene therapy could be last cure for every genetic disease. People who take gene therapy will make up their mind if they also face with this problem because this type of treatment can be the last hope for them in treating hereditary disease like Cystic Fibrosis.Government should concerns regarding the harms that may be associated with gene therapy and the beneficial uses of gene technology are required. (1547 words)

Agriculture Industry Essay -- essays papers

Agriculture Industry There are various factors affecting the demand for John Deere's products. These factors can be categorized as Financial, Crops, Crop Prices, Line Stock Prices, Farm Equipment and the competition. Financial factors include interest rates, credit availability, currency exchange rates, monetary and fiscal policies set by the government, net farm income and government regulated price floors on the agriculture segment. Crops/Crop Prices include planed acreage, grain export and crop prices of wheat, corn, soybeans and cotton. Live Stock prices that affect the demand for the company's output are primarily the prices of Dairy, Beef and Hogs. Animal diseases like "mad cow", "foot and mouth" and crop pests and harvest yields play an important role in the live stock prices and in turn affect the demand. Farm equipment category consists of resale demand for used farm equipment, farmer's attitude towards farm equipment and new equipment prices which play an important role in the demand of the new equipment. John Deere faces a strong competition around the world, more in Europe than in US. The company realizes that demand for farm equipment is same in Europe as in the United States, but the current market share captured by John Deere in Europe is much less and hence there is a lot more room to grow there. Of these factors, the most important factor seems to be the ability of the farmer to buy the new equipment. This in turn... Agriculture Industry Essay -- essays papers Agriculture Industry There are various factors affecting the demand for John Deere's products. These factors can be categorized as Financial, Crops, Crop Prices, Line Stock Prices, Farm Equipment and the competition. Financial factors include interest rates, credit availability, currency exchange rates, monetary and fiscal policies set by the government, net farm income and government regulated price floors on the agriculture segment. Crops/Crop Prices include planed acreage, grain export and crop prices of wheat, corn, soybeans and cotton. Live Stock prices that affect the demand for the company's output are primarily the prices of Dairy, Beef and Hogs. Animal diseases like "mad cow", "foot and mouth" and crop pests and harvest yields play an important role in the live stock prices and in turn affect the demand. Farm equipment category consists of resale demand for used farm equipment, farmer's attitude towards farm equipment and new equipment prices which play an important role in the demand of the new equipment. John Deere faces a strong competition around the world, more in Europe than in US. The company realizes that demand for farm equipment is same in Europe as in the United States, but the current market share captured by John Deere in Europe is much less and hence there is a lot more room to grow there. Of these factors, the most important factor seems to be the ability of the farmer to buy the new equipment. This in turn...

Ethical Dilemma Essay

In searching for a solution to the ethical dilemma of animal factories using antibiotics to keep animals well, I think there is only one solution; that is to stop buying animal products that come from these places. The hard part is getting more people to follow suit. The hard part about getting people to stop buying a certain product is that consumer’s don’t always know the risks or problems associated with a certain product, in this case, meat that is tainted with antibiotics. When consumers in the United States go to the grocery store or market, we are so hurried in our lives that checking where the food comes from often is not of importance. If consumers are to make a change, they first need to be educated, and this takes time, so someone has to get the word out, and on a large scale. I would contact major media sectors and draw their attention to the problem. I would check out Internet sources and make blogs or posts of my own. I myself would become an educated consumer and stop buying these products. I would speak to medical professionals such as my family physician to ask about the potential dangers of eating meat and poultry that had been fed antibiotics, and I would change my diet accordingly. I might even get my own hens if my city allowed that in city limits, and I would suggest to others that they do the same. I would share what I know with others and refuse to buy products from animal factories. This is the power that I hold as a consumer, and I would utilize it to solve this ethical dilemma.

Using Mixed Method: Both Qualitative & Quantitative Research

BackgroundOnce upon a time there was a successful line of convenience stores. We'll call this group of stores â€Å"QuickStop†. At some point a staff-member realised that QuickStop seemed to be patronised by many more men than women. This was passed along to the management team and they asked the store tellers to informally keep track of the proportions of men to women who came into their stores. It turned out that the theory seemed to hold true, and in fact far more men patronized QuickStop than did women.This information was passed along to the other managers at other QuickStop stores and they found the same trend. This received some higher level management attention and they began to wonder why this was occurring. Eventually management made the decision that this was too large a group of potential customers to lose, and a decision was eventually made to study this phenomenon and to understand why it was taking place, and if anything could be done about it.Research Objective A research project was designed to understand how women felt about shopping at QuickStop stores and why. It was decided that this research should be qualitative and the specific methodology would be In-depth-Interviews (this is research with one professional interviewer and one respondent at a time – in this case the decision was made because there were suspicions that there could be sensitive issues that wouldn't be discussed as candidly in a group setting).Qualitative ResearchAbout two dozen current or potential female customers were paid to come into a research facility to discuss the use of convenience stores in general, and later in the interviews the discussion was directed specifically to QuickStop convenience stores, in particular. The results were very surprising to the management team. The major qualitative findings included  the following:i. Women viewed convenience stores to be primarily designed for men, with little or no consideration for women,ii. The bathroo ms at convenience stores were believed to be the dirtiest that could be found in a city – â€Å"gross† was the most common description – and that perception permeated everything that women felt about convenience stores in generaliii. QuickStop was seen as one of the worst of convenience stores â€Å"kind of the place for a man to buy gas, get a six-pack of cheap beer and cigarettes, but not the kind of place I want to go†.Quantitative ResearchOnce the management team had an understanding of what issues they faced with female customers, they felt that they needed to understand how broadly these beliefs were held. Now they needed to get some hard numbers, and that meant that they needed to conduct quantitative market research. The research objective for this phase of research were:i. Understand how female customers of QuickStop differ from those that don't regularly visit these stores.ii. Understand whether or not a renovation of QuickStop could entice each group to visit more frequently (or at all depending on whether the respondent currently avoided QuickStop entirely).For the quantitative phase of research they decided to conduct 250 telephone interviews with a combination of female respondents. The requirements to participate in this phase of research were that: half of the respondents stated that they had used QuickStop at least five times in the last year, and the other half admitted to intentionally avoiding QuickStop altogether, although they did use other brands of convenience stores. The major results  from the quantitative phase indicated that:a. Over 76% of all female QuickStop customers were women under 30 years old, without children, while women with children and with higher incomes were 5 times less likely to shop at QuickStopb. The good news was that of the women who didn't currently use QuickStop, 64% said that if these stores were to update their color schemes, clean up their bathrooms and update their health and f eminine products that they would be willing to try QuickStop again.The two phases of research (qualitative + quantitative) gave the QuickStop management team a very good understanding of where they currently stood with female customers and why. Their quantitative research also indicated that those women who were not currently using their stores would â€Å"forgive† them if they changed their ways. Their decision now was to decide if gaining more middle-aged women as customers was worth the cost of updating their stores and spending more money to keep them clean and neat, and better stocked with the types of products that middle-aged women with children needed.Research note: in general when conducting two phases of research (in this case qualitative and quantitative market research) it's most often the case that the first phase (qualitative research) is conducted first as a â€Å"lead-in†. Qualitative research tends to help the management team understand the underlying issues, and the second phase (quantitative in this case) helps to understand how pervasive/wide spread these feelings/attitudes are among a certain target audience.

Globalization Effects on the Economies of the Third World

Globalization Effects on the Economies of the Third World Introduction Globalization is concept that has numerous effects on the economic and political systems of any country in the modern world. This means that it affects the growth of the country in a number of ways given the fact that foreigners are allowed to invest freely.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Globalization Effects on the Economies of the Third World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research shows that locals would not have any advantage in case they are exposed to similar economic and political conditions with foreigners mainly because they do not have similar financial muscles as compared to foreigners. It is noted that globalization has a number of agents, with technology and multinational corporations being some of them. These agents facilitate the process of globalization by promoting foreign investment. Research shows that multinational corporations give much pressure on governments of the poor stat es to implement some of the defective policies that do not benefit the locals. For instance, they advocate for the opening up economies since it gives them an advantage. Research shows that local companies in the third world cannot compete favorably with multinationals since they do not have adequate capital. Huge conglomerates take advantage of their capital to advertisement goods and services, which is a disadvantage to the local companies. In terms of politics, globalization affects poor states in a number of ways. One of the effects is that the state is not sovereign since it has to consult all actors in the global system before coming with a policy. This proposal suggests a study that would look explore the effects of globalization on the economies of the third world.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Literature Review Existing body of knowledge suggest that globalization has changed the way polices are made in the third world since no domestic and foreign policy is made without the involvement of major stakeholders, which are usually foreign companies and organizations. For instance, states in the third world with large deposits of oil are forced to involve foreign oil companies in designing local policies since they are the major stakeholders. Some foreign organizations are even accused of fueling violence in various parts because they thrive well under hostilities. The problems affecting citizens in Congo serve as an example because American firms extracting resources are known to interfere with peace. Through globalization, it is claimed that public corporations should be privatized to spur economic development. This affects the locals since they lose jobs. In the third, privatization of local companies was identified as one of the things that would encourage development since these firms were making loses. Moreover, they were misma naged since politicians played a major role in recruiting the staff. Privatization of public corporations encourages profit making. On the other hand, private companies are in a position of competing favorably since they are managed professionally.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Globalization Effects on the Economies of the Third World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis of literature shows that some scholars are against the idea of privatization since it does not promote the interests of the locals in the developing countries. Such scholars believe that public enterprises are able to compete favorably if given support and enough funding. How Globalization Affects Economic Development of the Third World Dollar, D., Kraay, A. (2001). Growth Is Good for the Poor. Policy Research Working Paper, 1(2), 89-98. According to the above scholars, globalization is understood variously implying that it should be anal yzed within a certain context. While some scholars note that globalization has contributed to economic development in the third world, others are of the contrary view. Opponents lament that it is the main cause of poverty hence it should be discarded. Therefore, the views of the above scholars suggest that globalization plays an enabling, as well as a constraining role. Based on this view, globalization is the source of economic development, as well as poverty that is persistent in the third world. Dollar, D. (1992). Outward-Oriented Developing Countries Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-85. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(4), 523-544. Countries that restrict trade through tariffs and other forms of restrictions experience retarded economic growth because investors shy away from punitive trade laws. Such states lag behind in terms of economic development. Dollar observed that the living standards of the poor in the third world are on the rise owin g to globalization. In their analysis, globalization boosts economic growth and reduces poverty in a number of countries that embrace it.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scholar noted further that a number of countries are yet to embrace globalization fully, which is the reason for their persistent underdevelopment and poor living standards among citizens. Such states have closed trade policies that only favor local citizens. Moreover, such countries have weak economic institutions that do not facilitate trade development, resulting to designing of poor economic policies. With globalization, the handling of diseases, such as malaria is very easy. The prevalence of diseases is one of the factors that impede economic development. Due to geographical barriers, the costs of transportation are always high. Therefore, globalization is hailed for reducing the costs of transportation because it supports improved transport and communication networks. Dollar proved through research that even though free flow of trade and investment do not resolve the issues related to poverty, immigration and free movement of people, which are some of the agents of global ization, are perfect solutions to the issues related to poverty. Bain, W. (2003). The Political Theory of Trusteeship and the Twilight of International Equality. International Relations, 17(1), 59-77. Developing countries are unable to attract foreigners due to high insecurity and poor infrastructural development. In fact, Dollar noted that this is what is missing in developing countries, which leads to increased poverty and poor living standards. Globalization has failed to produce its desired results in developing countries because some of the fundamental elements are missing. Apart from defective policies and poor infrastructural designs, lack of government support has resulted to negative effects. The scholar notes that the government has a crucial role to play by ensuring that the country is connected to the rest of the world in a manner that would benefit the common citizen. In the developing countries, this aspect is absent because the government does not play its crucial rol e of creating an enabling environment for individual fulfillment of his or her ambitions. In this regard, the government should always improve the education system. This implies that graduates should be competent in the global market. In terms of information circulation, the populace should be aware of what is happening at the global scene (Bain, 2003). Brett, E.A. (2011). From Corporatism to Liberalization in Zimbabwe: Economic Policy Regimes and Political Crisis, 1980-1997. International Political Science Review, 2(6), 43-58. Brettt (2011) was of the view that globalization presents real opportunities to the developing countries. In this regard, globalization would be perceived as an agent of development given the fact that it helps poor countries rediscover their lost glories. This would definitely reduce poverty and improve the standards of living of the local poor. Globalization demands that countries liberalize their economies by allowing private ownership of property and non- interference in the market. This means that the government should never try to meddle in the affairs of the market because the market is expected to operate according to its own internal logics. Liberalization of trade is just one of the provisions of globalization, which is hailed for supporting the poor. Liberalization gives citizens of any country a chance to engage in economic development without governmental interruption. However, some scholars are against this view. They note that globalization is only meant to bring pain and anguish to the poor, who are already marginalized. Scholars taking a neutral view believe that globalization presents opportunities to some individuals while causing havoc to others. Such scholars utilize the works of Marx to argue that only the rich benefit from globalization because it is simply an extension of the ruling class. In other words, globalization is a tool used to subjugate the poor and push them to the periphery. Political Effects of Global ization Islam, A. (1999). Globalization and Development Revisited in the Light of Asian Experience. Asia Specific Development Journal, 6(2), 1-21. Islam (1999) was of the view that globalization impedes the economic growth of a state largely because of the existence of foreign resources that are prevalent in the financial system. This supports foreign direct investment. Globalization supports the inflow of overseas wealth. This obstructs the autonomy of the state. Through expertise and the idea of intercontinental business, the state is incapable of coming up with policies that are able to offer a resolution to issues affecting members of society mainly because the views other actors are always taken into consideration before formulating foreign guiding principles. This interferes with the autonomy of the state. Technology allows people and capital resources to move rapidly from one state to the other. State borders are no longer respected because restrictions are not good for trade . Governments of the third world countries do not have full powers to control activities that take place in their state borders since business is mobile. Moreover, business corporations are considered major stakeholders in the decision-making processes meaning that they must always be consulted before formulating foreign policies. If policies of the state do not favor multinational corporations, they relocate their activities to other places with sound economic and political policies. This affects the economy of the state because the government loses income that is always generated through taxation. Research Question Does globalization affect the political and economic activities of the developing countries? Globalization is popularly defined as the process of worldwide amalgamation, which is a result of exchange of perspectives, merchandise, opinions, and other aspects of civilization. Globalization exemplifies the relations across cultures, for instance conviction, political affai rs, and capital matter. Globalization can deteriorate and universalize the uniqueness of a local society. Construction of the highways and rail systems, as well as the surfacing of the internet, is the major facet of globalization, which results in interdependence of monetary and cultural activities. This article suggests a study that would evaluate the effects of globalization on the economies and political affairs of developing countries, particularly those in Africa and Latin America. The study would argue that globalization has affected political and economic activities of third world countries in a number of ways. References Bain, W. (2003). The Political Theory of Trusteeship and the Twilight of International Equality. International Relations, 17(1), 59-77. Brett, E.A. (2011). From Corporatism to Liberalization in Zimbabwe: Economic Policy Regimes and Political Crisis, 1980-1997. International Political Science Review, 2(6), 43-58. Dollar, D. (1992). Outward-Oriented Developin g Countries Really Do Grow More Rapidly: Evidence from 95 LDCs, 1976-85. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40(4), 523-544. Dollar, D., Kraay, A. (2001). Growth Is Good for the Poor. Policy Research Working Paper, 1(2), 89-98. Islam, A. (1999). Globalization and Development Revisited in the Light of Asian Experience. Asia Specific Development Journal, 6(2), 1-21.

Killing Free Leadership Essay Example James Burke

Killing Free Leadership Essay Example James Burke James Burke as a Leader: Leadership Essay Example Many consider James Burke to be one of the most brilliant leaders CEOs of all times. His unique leadership style and combination of strong and extraordinary features of personality helped him to gain the respect and homage as well as the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Indeed, James Burke is an outstanding figure in the history of the American commerce. He serves as a striking example of a true leader who remained dedicated and devoted to his work till the end of the life. James E. Burke was born in 1925, in Rutland, Vermont. Though the small city, where he used to live, offered a few opportunities to develop, it did not prevent J. Burke from obtaining success and reaching high achievement in both private and public sector. During the World War II, J. Burke served in the US Navy and took part in the military operations. It was the first time when he demonstrated his leading qualities, high degree of discipline, and patience. Later, these qualities became crucial in his career life. Soon after the war, James Burke graduated the college of Holy Cross and Harvard Business School, in 1949. Good education was the other key point of success, which defined Burke career and outstanding leadership. It helped him to become more confident in own abilities and comprehend the things more sophisticatedly.Burke started his career at Johnson Johnson in 1953 as a product director. There he spent more than 35 years of his life, being promoted to a president, chairman, and then CEO. The years marked by J. E. Burkes management were noticeably prosperous and successful for Johnson Johnson Company. The reports show that the company managed to increase its sales dramatically (almost fivefold), triple its market capitalization, and extend its activities all over the globe. At the same time, the quantitative achievements were closely combined with the qualitative ones. Thereby, Johnson Johnson used to orient on the customers needs and requirements, introduce innovations, and emphasize on the global standards of high quality. The name of James Burke became well-known after the Tylenol poisonings in 1982 and 1986. At that time, he was already the leader of the company, who demonstrated unappalled openness, decisiveness, and determinacy in solving the problem. Thus, J. Burke ordered to send 450.000 messages to warn the people about danger and demanded to remove all products, containing Tylenol, from the shelves. Obviously, such unpopular measures could have become crucial for the company and could have led it to the complete bankruptcy. Nevertheless, foresight, prudence and providence of J. E. Burke helped to avoid the tragedy and failure of the company at once. People will always remember J. Burke for his devotion and quick response. After this incident, his leading qualities left no doubts or questions. James E. Burke also was a chairman of the non-profit organization known as Partnership for a Drug-Free America. After the retirement from Johnson Johnson, he did not give up his humanistic ideas and the desire to help the whole humanity. The aim of this organization was to spread the advertisement about the harmfulness of drugs and the importance to form a healthy nation. Burke took a direct part in this campaign, sending plenty of messages and involving media into the revelation of this issue. It is said that the Partnership for a Drug-Free America faced incomparable success under the leadership of J. E. Burke and became one of the most effective organizations at that time. Generally, James Burke left a great step in the American history. His contributions to the success of Johnson Johnson as well as to the well-being of the whole nation are exceptional and second to none. The fact he was awarded with the Presidential Medal of freedom witnesses one more time about his unique possibilities and leading qualities. In my opinion, his unsurpassed success and career growth can be explained by the combination of the individual traits. Many people describe his leading style as acumen, dedicated, passionate, warn, sympathetic, forward-thinking, and socially-oriented. James Burke appreciated justice and fairness above all. Moreover, he paid great attention to the social well-being and health of the nation. That is why he treated the Tylenol tragedies so precisely and tried to prevent them as soon as possible. The other peculiarity of J. Burke is his orientation on the result, rather than on profits or incomes. Sometimes, he introduced unpopular innovations, which were unlikely to bring any earnings. Despite of this, his confidence and farsightedness helped him to avoid the failures and improve the commercial position of Johnson Johnson. Obviously, there were some mistakes in his career. For example, in 1979, he decided to acquire new technical scan and ultrasound equipment. These steps presupposed to expand the target audience and facilitate the methods of medical examination. However, this project happened to be completely unsuccessful and unprofitable for the company. After this incident, J. Burke admitted that it was useless to deal with the things one was not acquainted with. Interestingly, he did not try to make any excuses, but just continued to improve the situation and think over new projects. It witnesses about his determinacy, persistence, and the desire to move forward. To sum up, the unsurpassed leading style of James E. Burke is the result of his individual qualities, personal attitudes toward work and society, and permanent self-improvement and self-development. His contributions to the prosperity of Johnson Johnson and Partnership for a Drug-Free America are difficult to overestimate. By nature, his name is a genuine synonym to successful leadership.

Analysis Of Hamlets Isolation English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Hamlets Isolation English Literature Essay Many works reveal existentialism as a philosophy towards life. Someone who believes in this philosophy tends to become lonely, as one of the key concepts of existentialism is that we are alone. As demonstrated in Shakespeare’s tragic play, Hamlet’s attempt to come to terms with his existence pushes him to the edge as his loneliness overwhelms him. His soliloquies show elements of existentialism, revealing his turmoil of spirit and developing his character as being increasingly isolated. In Hamlet’s speeches, we see that he is an existentialist. When the ghost appears to Hamlet of his father passed, Hamlet is horrified. This encounter further pulls Hamlet away from reality as the ghost fills his head with ideas and a mission; Hamlet will revenge his father and kill Claudius. Claudius is revealed to us as being a hostile social force when the ghost comments, â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life / Now wears his crown.† (1.5.39-40). He re fers to his murder being committed by Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle. Hamlet admits that â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦memory holds a seat in [his] distracted globeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that he must â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦wipe away all trivial fond records, / all saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, / That youth and observation copied there;à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.5.97-102). By this, Hamlet means that he must do something about his life path and not dwell in the past. This resolve suggests the importance of the present. Hamlet is aware of the importance of acting on his impulses now because he realizes that something like pain can be easily forgotten. He wants the revenge to be as meaningful as possible to exact his vengeance properly. Estrangement from oneself can occur in many different forms. Hamlet’s thoughts and actions are disconnected. His mind is telling him to take revenge and kill Claudius, but his body does not obey him. He is in constant turmoil and contra diction with himself which brings him to be separated in his intentions versus his operations. This estrangement is disadvantageous to Hamlet in completing his task. Hamlet chastises himself for his failure and procrastination in regard to his father’s murder. In the observation from another of Hamlet’s soliloquies, â€Å"The spirit that I have seen / May be the devilà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Out of my weakness and my melancholy, / [He] abuses me to damn me. I’ll have grounds / More relative than this. The play’s the thing / Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the king.† (2.2.596-603) Hamlet doubts his father’s ghost’s credibility and is further isolated from those around him. His resolve makes him focused on this mission and Hamlet’s relationships with others suffer. The relationship with Claudius was already on edge, but Hamlet pushes him even farther away as he plots to kill him. The famous quote â€Å"To be, or not to be: t hat is the questionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3.1.57) reflects on the human condition. Hamlet views the world in a different way than the other people around him. He realizes that people are alone and that things are not always as they seem. His insight scares and baffles other characters who interact with him. This is why Ophelia is also pushed away as Hamlet struggles with his inner turmoil and isolates himself from not only his mother and new king, but his girlfriend and love interest as well. This also reveals the absurdity of life. At this point in the play, Hamlet’s madness is being contributed to rejection of Ophelia’s love. This absurdity is only revealed to the readers of the play who have insight into Hamlet’s mind and intentions through his emotional soliloquies. The absurdity is further shown as Hamlet reflects on ending life. He describes the relief of dying, of leaving this world of pain and discomfort. However, one can never know what follows death a nd the fear of this prevents us from finishing ourselves off without living as much of this life that we can. Hamlet’s observation of this human condition remains absurd in our belief in it and our willingness to hold on to what we know.

Ethics and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics and Morality - Essay Example According to Rousseau, for the State, it is important that each citizen has some kind of religion or devotion as a regularizing rod for his behavior. It does not matter to the State if the religion is uplifting the citizen in any way or not. Its requirement is that it controls and shapes his behavior in the right way, so that he is not a nuisance in the society and remains a law-abiding citizen. Morality is the other side of the religious coin. It is interesting to note that much of what we call 'morality' today did not exist in the Stone Age. The powerful took away what they needed from the hapless unfortunate creatures, who either perished or got enslaved. It was the jungle law, what prevails today in most of the animal kingdom, though there are interesting exceptions. As man became increasingly aware of his society, community and responsibility towards them, a kind of bond formed around him, making him an integral part of it and certain rules and conditions were either imposed on him, or he became conscious that to adhere to them would be self-preservation from harmful attacks. The individualist nature has resulted in the collective way of life and man found security in numbers and lived as part of a society, where morality became the most important requirement to have a coherent social structure. Social contract theory is supposed to be as old as Philosophy itself and even Socrates' explanation to Crito approaches it. Rousseau comes very close to Hobbes when he says that religion binds the man to morality, law and hence, to social contract. This is helpful for the peace and well being of the society. It glorifies the prince, the country, and the lawmakers. Hence, it is a form of social contract entered between the individual man and the collective society, which later was governed and protected by political authority. Man and society are bound by this unseen contract and it is easy to assume that morality and social contract are complimentary as well as prerequisites to each other. "Social contracts or Contractarianism stems from the political power and control and man's accepting it as legitimate authority in governance of moral fibre of the society." http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/ According to Hobbes, it is clear that common interest of fear leads men into political society and fear could be of gory death, insecurity, lack of cultural living, deprivation of comfort and industry, losing satisfaction derived out of life, losing kin and possessions, living with unfulfilled desires, separation, misadventure and hatred ruling every bit of life. Hobbs feels that even a bad political authority is better than none and should be welcomed and cherished.

Discuss how an organisation's competitive advantage can be enhanced Essay - 1

Discuss how an organisation's competitive advantage can be enhanced with the introduction of new technology - Essay Example Many companies nowadays are trying to manage their businesses with the comfort and efficiency brought by the use of new technology in their operation. However, it is not only those online companies that are directly under the influence of new technology. All organisations especially those that have very complex activities rely heavily on the use of new technology. The car manufacturing industry for instance is relying greatly on the cutting-edge technology in order to meet the requirements of their customers and the prevailing market trend. In addition, the mobile communication industry and other related industries are trying to elaborate the importance of technology in order to go along well with the recent trend and development of business activities and operations in their specific areas. It is therefore a common understanding that the implementation of new technology in an organisation brings forward specific advantages and one of them is the efficiency which the bottom line is j ust to enhance the operation in order to achieve organisational goals. In line with this, new technology is strongly associated with competitive advantage. Every organisation seems to be using advanced technology, but the question remains how exactly it brings them certain competitive advantage. ... None about new technology is mentioned as part of these strategies for competitive advantage. However, it is clear that nowadays, using either one of these generic strategies would mean integrating the idea of new and existing technology. In the case of Wal-Mart as renowned retailing company in the United States, its generic strategy is low-cost for its product offerings. However, part of the institution of this strategy in the organisation is its highly computerised value-chain management system especially for its multinational and highly globalised operation. This is to ensure that whatever it has started so far can be substantially enhanced to the fullest with the integration of new technology. Wal-Mart viewed new technology as essential part of its complex operation especially that it operates at a global setting and in order for it to become sustainable when it comes to its low-cost-product strategy. Toyota is known for its focus differentiation strategy. However, in the process of creating it, the use of new technology is integrated in its entire operation. Its high level of standard quality product does not only enhance its cost advantage over its competitors but it specifically tries to say something about the image of its brand. Its brand image is associated with high level of cutting-edge technology and this means a lot to its marketing effort, strategy and eventually competitive advantage. In the age of globalisation, competition has become fierce allowing every organisation to enhance communication of their product offerings (Wetherly and Otter, 2011). Thus, individuals are bombarded with different information. The best information prevails and it is

Marketing Plan for a Brand in Trouble Assignment

Marketing Plan for a Brand in Trouble - Assignment Example FW Woolworth's UK subsidiary (Woolworths Ltd.) and B&Q were bought two years later by Paternoster, who are now known as Kingfisher PLC and are still B&Q's parent company. Since being bought out by Kingfisher, employees of B&Q have enjoyed a 20% discount on all products. Mid 1990's saw B&Q open a new format of store known as the B&Q Depot. This was a forerunner of a new class of store known as the B&Q Warehouse. Beckton, Enfield and Romford were amongst the first of the new Warehouse class stores to open (United Kingdom: Case Study: B&Q Direct, 2003). In the late 1990s, B&Q became active in the rest of Europe and the rest of the world. It co-operated in 1995 with parent company Kingfisher PLC to open its first overseas subsidiary in Taiwan, and in 1996 the first overseas large home improvement center in Taoyuan City, Taiwan. In 1998, it acquired NOMI, Poland's leading chain of DIY stores. Later that year, B&Q merged with France's Castorama. In 1999 B&Q opened a store in Shanghai, China and acquired the British hardware mail-order company, Screwfix. By the year 2000, B&Q had fifty of its larger Warehouse stores. This had doubled by 2003. B&Q's Direct's online transactional website, www.DIY.com, was launched in January 2001. By March 2003, it had become one of the largest stores in B&Q and its continued rapid growth will soon make it the biggest store in the group. The site sells a range of 14,000 products and is already the number one store for many heavy and bulky items and many other smaller product ranges (United Kingdom: Case Study: B&Q Direct, 2003). As well as generating considerable revenues of its own, DIY.com is part of a wider, multi-channel retail strategy that includes call centres and catalogues. All channels feed each other. For instance, 10% of those that shop in-store have researched their purchases online. A critical component in the overall success of DIY.com and the B&Q Direct call centres is their ability to process credit and debit cards efficiently and to restrict the level of card fraud. In September 2002, B&Q Direct appointed DataCash, a leading UK-based provider of outsourced payment processing and fraud prevention solutions, to handle the credit and debit card processing for both DIY.com and all its call centres (U.K. Retail Sales Plunge Most in at Least 10 Years: Update3, 2006). Before DataCash was appointed, B&Q had used a software solution provided by a US-based company to handle its card processing. B&Q had two key issues with this solution, one technical and one business, which led them to look for a new supplier (United Kingdom: Case Study: B&Q Direct, 2003). Based on the discussion, "MarketVVizard's Market Thoughts" (2005), European economies U.K. retail sales plunge most in 10 Years. Shares of companies including Plc and Kingfisher Plc declined in London after the British Retail Consortium said sales in stores open at least a year dropped 4.7 percent from a year ago, the biggest decline since comparable figures began in 1995. Domestic demand is clearly slowing a lot quicker than was anticipated even a month ago,'' said Peter Dixon, an economist at Commerzbank AG in London. After an unprecedented run of strength it's time for consumers to stop, regroup, and think about getting their finances back in order.'' British factory production

Nursing experiential learning paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing experiential learning paper - Essay Example m a visit to the grammar school point to the effect that basic knowledge about communities is of paramount importance to community health agencies with regards to the provision of care which increases autonomy to the individuals, families and communities as well. In this particular case, gaining knowledge about the religious and cultural beliefs of a certain group of people would greatly help especially in demystifying the myth that traditional rites and prayers are effective remedies to illnesses than conventional health care. It would give the local people a sense of independence and self sufficiency in primary health care issues. For instance, immunization against killer diseases in infancy such as tetanus or diphtheria is the most effective remedy in the prevention of such diseases. This knowledge would enlighten the families especially on the essence of primary health care. On the other hand, this visit was also enlightening in that gathering information about communities made up of a diverse population would enable effective communication between client populations and other health care providers in the management of healthcare. This would also enable practises in established roles to provide cost effective, quality heath care in both structured and unstructured settings. This would be based on the notion that prevention is better than cure since it would be cost effective to prevent a disease at grassroots level before its outbreak. This visit was also effective in building a sense of personal and professional development as part of the life-long learning process in the nursing fraternity. Getting first hand information about aggregates and communities enables a health practitioner to be objective especially when dealing with a diverse population with diversified needs as well. The main objective would be the provision of quality health care regardless of creed or belief system. Another visit to the town health department also found that the population

Language learning experiences of year 10 & 11 Dissertation

Language learning experiences of year 10 & 11 - Dissertation Example The research methodology explained various elements of the methodology and based on the selection of anti-positivism philosophy and inductive research approach; primary data were collected in the form of interviews being conducted on 20 students and one teacher of Manningtree High School, Colchester Road, Essex and observational study on 20 students of Colchester Academy School, Hawthorn Avenue, Essex. Findings suggested that majority of students understand the importance and significance of foreign languages but lack motivation. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the government and schools need to work in tandem in order to motivate students along with highlighting the benefits and advantages of foreign language learning within the secondary school setup. ... Sampling 24 3.7: Interview Questions 24 3.8 Observational Study 25 3.9: Ethical Considerations 25 3.10: Summary 25 Chapter 4.0 Findings and Analysis 26 4.1 Introduction 26 4.2 Interview Analysis 26 4.3: Interview Analysis of Teacher 39 4.4: Observational Study 40 4.4: Summary 41 Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 42 5.1 Introduction 42 5.2: Conclusion 42 5.3: Recommendations for Foreign Language Learning 44 5.4: Recommendations for Future Research 44 5.5: Summary 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX 50 A. Interview Letter 50 B. Consent Form 51 C. Interview Transcript for Students 52 D. Interview Transcript for the Teacher 61 CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1.1: Introduction Language can be described as a systematic mean of communication and holds great importance at every level of personal and professional development. Every country has its native language that is spoken by the people living in it without any difficulty considering the fact that the culture and people around help in learning the native language from an early age. However, learning a foreign language is always a stringent task considering the difference in alphabets and phonetics. However, learning a foreign language is always an additional advantage as it offers understanding over a new culture and language. Language learning is a process that helps learners to learn about new things and cultures. Moreover, learning a foreign language offers great confidence and awareness that can be further used in future endeavors. The chapter offers an overview of the research topic that aims to explore the language learning experience of year ten and eleven. It can be said that learning does not

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector Essay - 2

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains - Essay Example the incorporation of both value chain analysis and commodity chain analysis, sector matrix analysis stands out as the most effective tool for businesses to generate better strategic understanding of product markets (Froud, Johal, Leaver and Williams, 2006). The sector matrix offer information about complex product markets unlike commodity chain analysis that is based on a linear analysis. This study will first expose the inherent weaknesses in the commodity chain analysis that makes the model ineffective in the modern product markets before embarking on suitability of sector matrix as the preferred tool that should be used to determine business policies. A commodity chain for any given product covers the necessary processes that take place to ensure at the end of the undertaken activities is a finished product. Since the development of commodity chain analysis, researchers have identified number of issues that limits the ability of the concept to provide an up to date analysis of product market situations (Kutting, 2004). This criticism has not only been from scholars outside the commodity chain perspective, but also from within. For instance, the different perspectives by scholars who use the commodity chains concept has resulted in the presence of two schools of thought where there are those in favour of the traditional world systems approach who are attributed with the introduction of commodity chain concept. The other school of thought that includes scholars such as Gary Gereffi and colleagues are in favour of a more encompassing tool for analysis and are therefore credited with the introduction of the global commodity chain (Ba ir, 2005). For instance, the transformation brought by globalization can be experienced when in the clothing industry the raw material is harvested in India but manufactured into yarn in Portugal. The yarn is then transported to Taiwan for colouring then to Poland where it is weaved. The other parts like buttons and rivets are

Language learning experiences of year 10 & 11 Dissertation

Language learning experiences of year 10 & 11 - Dissertation Example The research methodology explained various elements of the methodology and based on the selection of anti-positivism philosophy and inductive research approach; primary data were collected in the form of interviews being conducted on 20 students and one teacher of Manningtree High School, Colchester Road, Essex and observational study on 20 students of Colchester Academy School, Hawthorn Avenue, Essex. Findings suggested that majority of students understand the importance and significance of foreign languages but lack motivation. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the government and schools need to work in tandem in order to motivate students along with highlighting the benefits and advantages of foreign language learning within the secondary school setup. ... Sampling 24 3.7: Interview Questions 24 3.8 Observational Study 25 3.9: Ethical Considerations 25 3.10: Summary 25 Chapter 4.0 Findings and Analysis 26 4.1 Introduction 26 4.2 Interview Analysis 26 4.3: Interview Analysis of Teacher 39 4.4: Observational Study 40 4.4: Summary 41 Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations 42 5.1 Introduction 42 5.2: Conclusion 42 5.3: Recommendations for Foreign Language Learning 44 5.4: Recommendations for Future Research 44 5.5: Summary 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX 50 A. Interview Letter 50 B. Consent Form 51 C. Interview Transcript for Students 52 D. Interview Transcript for the Teacher 61 CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1.1: Introduction Language can be described as a systematic mean of communication and holds great importance at every level of personal and professional development. Every country has its native language that is spoken by the people living in it without any difficulty considering the fact that the culture and people around help in learning the native language from an early age. However, learning a foreign language is always a stringent task considering the difference in alphabets and phonetics. However, learning a foreign language is always an additional advantage as it offers understanding over a new culture and language. Language learning is a process that helps learners to learn about new things and cultures. Moreover, learning a foreign language offers great confidence and awareness that can be further used in future endeavors. The chapter offers an overview of the research topic that aims to explore the language learning experience of year ten and eleven. It can be said that learning does not

Environmental Scanning Essay Example for Free

Environmental Scanning Essay Everyone in Pakistan well as many sitting thousands of miles away, the business community too is waiting to exhale. And so, all that’s visible in the run up to the precise moment – General Elections 2013 – are lots of breathlessly red faces. Generally, election year produces diametrically opposing reactions within the public and private sectors. While the incumbent seeks to woo fickle voters through last ditch spending (think: poverty alleviation, development projects, etc.), the private sector often buries its head and its wallet in the sand until the storm of unpredictability has passed. Consequently, the business outlook for 2013 will remain depressingly unexciting until the new government settles down. The global recession isn’t going away anytime soon and the IMF recently cut global growth forecasts for 2013 to 3.6%, down from its earlier estimate of 3.9%. Although the Pakistani Government is doing its best to convince anyone who will listen that it is going to manage ‘four’ percent growth in the coming year, nobody is really convinced. The Government doesn’t really have the money to spend. Public revenues – proposed tax amnesty schemes notwithstanding – are low; the fiscal deficit is 8.2% and, to make ends meet, the Government is borrowing heavily from the banking sector. For decent growth, the Government needs a tax-to-GDP ratio in the vicinity of 16%; all it can muster at present is 9.1%. While inflation has finally been brought into the single digit realm, few are deluded enough to imagine it will last. First, global commodity prices (particularly oil) are still heading upwards. Second, with just enough forex reserves left for three months of imports and no bilateral or multilateral donor rushing to save Pakistan from Islamabad, the rupee is poised to come under serious pressure. (In November alone, Pakistan had to repay a staggering $616 million to the IMF.) Third, the Government has the State Bank printing Rs 1.5 billion a day. All inflationary enough on their own, the combined effect of these three will make for a very painful and prolonged hangover . Further, savings are low and the cash flush banks are too busy throwing rupees at the Government to bother with the few businesses that would be willing to invest in Pakistan prior to elections. Simply put, banks would much rather bolster their profits by lending to an insatiable but dependable Government than lend to the brilliant but risky private sector. Significantly, while the  Central Bank has now cut its policy rate by a cumulative 200 basis points since August, its critics are still unhappy with the decision. Their first bone of contention is that the temporarily low inflation numbers do not merit monetary easing and the State Bank is just making it cheaper for the Government to borrow more rather than hauling it up for doing so. Further, they cite data on private sector credit off take that shows that the same actually declined after the deep cut in August (150 basis points) while Government borrowing increased. Businesses, on the other hand, say that interest rates are st ill too high to consider investing. (Foreign investment, of course, requires a climate unavailable in a frontline state in the war against terrorism.) While the specific merits of this allegation can be argued over, the business environment in the country presents a series of uncontroverted and inescapable realities that dilute the impact of the high cost of borrowing. There are obviously those who cry about energy shortages, the unpredictability of supply and the fear that the dollar-rupee exchange rates will cross Rs 100 by June 2013. There are others who moan about the law and order situation and the fact that extortion levels jump up dramatically in the run-up to an election as political parties gather funds for electioneering. But first and foremost is the fact that the entire country is in a state of political flux and the economy is teetering on the brink of a full blown crisis. Typically, investment – be it the setting up of large projects or just the import of new machines for spinning – has a significant gestation period. An investor, who can’t predict whether his deals with the current Government will be honored by the next or what the duty structure will look like by the time his machines come in, is generally wary and prefers to sit on the sidelines until he gets more clarity. Take the example of the energy sector. The long, sizzling summer of 2012 and the frequency of power riots across the country clearly showed that Pakistan has graduated from being energy insecure to an energy crisis state. Throughout this period, the Government and its ministers frequently spoke of the need for more energy related projects, alternative energy and what not at much touted ‘energy conferences’. At various points during the year, the import of energy from even Iran and India were discussed. Clearly, there is significant unmet demand and correspondingly, great returns in the business. Theoretically then, given that energy infrastructure projects take ages to  mobilise, investors should be queuing up to begin these before the summer of 2013. But while a few canny, deep pocketed investors are making ambitious plans, even they are not committing money to these projects just yet. Clearly, the top priority, for even those investors who are mostly immune to political persecution because of their wealth and/or influence, is political stability. This stability, however, refers not only to the political parties that form governments but also the nature of the economic policies they pursue. If an investor raises $200 million to set up an LNG import business, for example, he needs to know what the returns will be and how long the government intends to buy the product for and in the absence of this certainty; no one will cough up the cash. Key External Factors Business, now-a-days is vitally affected by the economic, social, legal, technological and political factors. These factors collectively form business environment. Business environment, as such, is the total of all external forces, which affect the organization and operations of business. The environment of an organization has got internal, operational and general lives managers must be aware of these three environmental levels and their relationship and importance. The term business environment implies those external forces, factors and institutions that are beyond the control of individual business organizations and their management and affect the business enterprise. Business environment influence the functioning of the business system. Thus, business environment may be defined as all those conditions and forces which are external to the business and are beyond the individual business unit, but it operates within it. These forces are customer, creditors, competitors, government, socio-cultural organizations, political parties national and international organizations etc. some of those forces affect the business directly which some others have indirect effect on the business. 5 Key External Factors: * Economic Forces * Social, Cultural, Demographic and Environmental Forces * Political, Governmental and Legal Forces * Technological Forces * Competitive Forces Economic Forces: Economic environment refers to the aggregate of the nature of economic system of the country, the structural anatomy of the economy to economic policies of the government the organization of the capital market, the nature of factor endowment, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc. The successful businessman visualizes the external factors affecting the business, anticipating the prospective market situations and makes suitable to get the maximum with minimize cost. Social, Cultural, Demographic and Environmental Forces: The social dimension or environment of a nation determines the value system of the society which, in turn affects the functioning of the business. Sociological factors such as costs structure, customs and conventions, cultural heritage, view toward wealth and income and scientific methods, respect for seniority, mobility of labor etc. have far-reaching impact on the business. These factors determine the work culture and mobility of labor, work groups etc. For instance, the nature of goods and services to be produced depends upon the demand of the people which in turn is affected by their attitudes, customs, so as cultural values fashion etc. Socio-cultural environment determines the code of conduct the business should follow. The social groups such as trade unions or consumer forum will intervene if the business follows the unethical practices. Political, Governmental and Legal Forces: The political environment of a country is influenced by the political organizations such as philosophy of political parties, ideology of government or party in power, nature and extent of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc. political stability in the country, foreign policy, Defense and military policy, image of the country and its leaders in and outside the country. The political environment of the country influences the business to a great extent. Legal environment includes flexibility and adaptability of law and other legal rules governing the business. It may include the exact rulings and decision of the courts. These affect the business and its managers to a great extent. Technological Forces: The business in a country is greatly influenced by the technological development. The technology adopted by the industries determines the type and quality of goods and services to be produced and the type and quality of plant and equipment to be used. Technological environment influences the business in terms of investment in technology, consistent application of technology and the effects of technology on markets. Competitive Forces: * Globalization of corporations, knowledge, products, consumers, and communication. * Growing competition within and across countries, amongst domestic companies, and between domestic and transnational companies. * Link between international trade and international labor standards and parallel efforts to secure labor market flexibility through relaxation of labor laws and standards for stimulating investment, both domestic and foreign * Speedy flow of information, capital, and innovation throughout the world. * Rising expectations of all stakeholders. * Easy access to the best and the least expensive products and services, worldwide. * Rapid pace of change ( £If the rate of change in our organization/society is slower than the rate of change outside the organization/society, we will be led by others.’) * Faster response time (As Smajda of the World Economic Forum avers, the days of big fish eating small fish are over. It is the fast fish which swallows the small fish.’) * Growing socio-economic inequity. Now, we are going to discuss about different sectors which are affected by these key external factors and take opportunities to it but threats are also exists. * Service Sector * Agriculture Sector * Telecom Industry * Cement Industry Service Sector Services sector is largest and fastest growing sector in the world economy, accounting largest share in total output and employment in most developed countries. In case of Pakistan, the shares of services are increasing in all sectors of economy over the period. In fact, the growth rate of services sector is higher than the growth rate of agriculture and industrial sector. The Services sector has registered a growth rate of 4.0 percent during July-March of the fiscal year 2011 12 against 4.4 percent last year. It is dominated by Finance and Insurance at 6.5 percent, Social and Community Services 6.8 percent and Wholesale and Retail Trade 3.6 percent. I. Distributive Services: Transport, Storage and Communications * Railways * Water Transport * Air Transport * Pipeline Transport * Road Transport * Mechanized * Non- Mechanized * Communications * Storage * Water Transport Wholesale, Retail Trade and Hotels and Restaurants * Wholesale and Retail Trade including * Imports * Purchase and Sale Agents and Brokers * Auctioning II. Producer Services: Financial Institution * State Bank of Pakistan * Commercial Bank * Other Financial Intermediaries * Insurance Corporations and Pension Funds III. Social Services: Public Administration and Defense Social Community and Private Services * Education * Medical and Health Services Environmental Scanning: Economic Forces The Services sector contributes 53.8% to Pakistan’s GDP. Its major sub sectors are Finance and Insurance, Transport and Storage, Wholesale and Retail Trade, Public Administration and Defense. Services contribution to our GDP is gradually increasing. During the current period of financial downturn, the services sector has been a major contributor to growth. Pakistan’s GDP grew at the rate of 2.4%in 2010-11. The services sector grew at the rate of 4.1% as against 2.9% last year. The main contributors to this growth are public admin and defense (13.2%) and social services sector (7.1%) A cursory look on the composition of subsectors that contribute most to the services sector shows that retail trade, wholesale trade, research and educational consultancy services, restaurants and hotels, financial, construction, and some business services, such as computer and information technology (IT) services, and professional services, such as engineering, legal and accounting services, IT and related services have been most significant. Banks, DFIs and insurance companies, account for 98 percent of value added in this sector. The finance and insurance sector comprises State Bank of Pakistan, all scheduled (domestic and foreign banks) development financial institutions (DFIs), all insurance (life and general) companies, Modaraba/leasing companies, moneychangers and stock exchange brokers. The financial sub-sector consists of all resident corporations principally engaged in financial intermediations or in auxiliary financial activities related to finance. Social, Cultural and Demographic Forces Demography and lifestyle changes have the major contribution to increase in the growth of consumer demand of services. Pakistan’s consumption data shows that the demand of services is increasing over the time. During the 1985-86 people spent more of their income on goods then services. A number of factors such as income growth, changing demographic profile due to more urbanization, and the socio-economic environment are having its impact on retail scene. Pakistan retail is currently a virgin territory. This is more important in view of the large number of middle class population and available high-disposable income in the age group 25-35 years. Successful Retail Chains like Hyper star, Metro Makro has opened the avenues for the upcoming retailers. In Lahore, large numbers of households do the grocery shopping at Hyper star, Jalal sons, Alfatah, HKB, Metro, Makro and CSD. This shows the changing lifestyle and shopping preferences of the urban population of Pakistan. This retail growth is also supported by the increasing literacy rate in Pakistan; current urban population is more educated than their ancestors and has a better understanding of retailer influences on shopping as the larger retailer give quality assurances to consumers. Political, Governmental and Legal Forces Governments around the globe are gradually coming online using processes in which Information and Communications Technology (ICT) play an active and significant role, beyond simple digitalization, or automation of governance  services, or provision of LANs, since it is ultimately a tool for good governance and human development. The main objectives of e-Governance are to increase transparency of government working, increase and diversify public information and its value, and increase the quality of products and services being currently offered. This helps reduce high transaction costs (in terms of time, efforts and opportunities lost) by timely and relevant access to government information, especially for those who are disadvantaged or marginalized or living in remote rural areas. Services are still identified with line ministries and government departments; there is increasing recognition amongst policymakers for improvements in skill levels in many sectors and for a departure from inward-looking policies. In view of the dramatic changes in the services sector, regulatory and policy issues have continued to gain importance in policy-making circles for the last 15 years. Technological Forces Technology allows businesses to do everything faster. Many processes that once required ledgers, checkbooks and journal notations have now moved onto computer systems. Logging in and out, updating inventory information and communicating can now are happening much more swiftly. Technology moves very quickly, constantly evolving and creating new devices and faster systems. Businesses note these changes and attempt to move with technology, adapting it to their present and future needs. Pakistan has seen an explosive growth in the ICT sector in the last few years with deregulation and ending of the monopolies of the state sector. The number of mobile phones achieved their 2007 target two years earlier, and the recent deregulation of long distance (LDI) wireless local loops (WLL), other sections have served to provide faster, better and wide coverage, all at lower costs. Competitive Forces Of the non-factors input used by the services sectors, 61.1 percent were  purchased from commodity producing sectors, suggesting strong backward linkages of services with commodity producing sectors. Of the total purchases from the commodity sectors, 73.9 percent were purchased from manufacturing sector, followed by 14.6 percent from construction, and 7.7 percent from electricity and gas sectors. The service sectors purchases from agriculture sector account for 3.3 percent of total purchases from commodity sectors. About 76.5 percent of services sector (public administration and defiance, 40.6 percent and transport and communications 35.9 percent) made purchases from the commodity producing sectors respectively. Forward linkages the shares of individual service sectors in total purchases from commodity producing sectors are agriculture 28.1 percent, mining and manufacturing 70.2 percent, electricity and gas distribution 1.0 percent, and construction 0.7 percent. Technology also increases the possibility of crime. A tech-savvy employee can embezzle funds and make it difficult for the company to trace. Hackers can access personal and financial data of customers who trust the company to keep their information safe. Agriculture Sector Agriculture: Agriculture, also called farming or husbandry, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science. Agriculture generally speaking refers to human activities, although it is also observed in certain species of ant and termite. The word agriculture is the English adaptation of Latin agricultÃ… «ra, from ager, a field, and  cultÃ… «ra, cultivation in the strict sense of tillage of the soil. Thus, a literal reading of the word yields tillage of fields. Agriculture Sector in Pakistan: Pakistan has a rich and vast natural resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones; due to which the country has great potential for producing all types of food produce. Agriculture has an important role in generating economic growth. Agriculture affects the economy in three ways namely, first, it provides food to consumers and fibers for domestic industry; second, it is a source of scarce foreign exchange earnings; and third, it provides a market for industrial goods. Agriculture Sector is a key sector of the economy and accounts for 21 percent of GDP. The supportive policies of the government resulted in a growth of 3.1 percent against 2.4 percent last year. Major Crops registered an accelerating growth of 3.2 percent compared to a negative growth of 0.2 percent last year. The major crops including Cotton, Sugarcane and Rice witnessed growth in production of 18.6 percent, 4.9 percent and 27.7 percent respectively. However, preliminary estimates of wheat production showed a negative growth due to late receding of flood waters in lower Sindh which hampered the timely cultivation of the wheat crop. Livestock has witnessed a marginally higher growth of 4.0 percent against the growth of 3.97 percent last year. Fisheries sector showed a growth of 1.8 percent. Forestry recorded a growth of 0.95 percent as compared to the contraction of 0.40 percent last year. The total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.6 million hectares. About 27percent of the area is currently under cultivation. Of this area, 80 percent is irrigated and Pakistan has one of the highest proportions of irrigated cropped area in the world. Most of Pakistan is classified as arid to semi-arid because rainfall is not sufficient to grow agricultural crops, forest and fruit plants and pastures. About 68 percent of the geographical area has annual rainfall of 250 mm, whereas about 24 percent has annual rainfall of251 to 500 mm. Only 8 percent of the geographical area has annual rainfall exceeding 500 mm. Hence supplemental water is required for profitable agricultural production, either from irrigation or through water harvesting. Agriculture is largely dependent on artificial means of  irrigation. Of the total cultivated area, about 82 percent or around 17.58 million hectares is irrigated, while crop production in the remaining 3.96 million hectares depends mainly upon rainfall. The Irrigation Canal Command Area (CCA) has been grouped into classes on the basis of the nature and severity of its limitations water logging, salinity, sodality and texture. At present about one-fifth of the cultivated land in CCA is affected by water logging and salinity to varying degrees. An additional area of 2.8 million hectares suffers from sodality. Notwithstanding huge investments, the water table was 0 to 1.5 m under 2.2 million hectares of irrigated land, 1.5 to 3 m under6 million hectares and 0to 3 m under 8 million hectares. Thus Pakistan needs to overhaul its entire drainage and reclamation strategy reduces its cost and makes it efficient. Environmental Scanning: Economic Forces Flooding in 2011, affected crops like rice, cotton and sugarcane, although in the current year, 2011-12, they performed well and provided support and continued to support food security objectives this year. The agriculture sector recorded a growth of 3.1 percent in 2011-12. The profitability of agriculture sector during 2011-12, remained high because the farmers received good prices for rice, cotton and sugarcane, which allowed for greater financial resources passed on to the rural economy. During 2011-12, the overall performance of agriculture sector exhibited a growth of 3.1 percent mainly due to positive growth in agriculture related subsectors, except minor crops. Major crops accounted for 31.9 percent of agricultural value added and experienced a growth of 3.2 percent in fiscal year 2011-12 with negative growth of 0.2 percent in 2011. The role of credit is instrumental in the agriculture sector where Pakistani farmers often lack finances necessary for carrying out vital farming activities. This issue, if not addressed, can cause a multitude of problems, ranging from the exploitation of poor farmers at the hands of informal sources of credit, to a slowdown in the adoption of modern farming techniques and inputs, resulting in slow development of this chief sector of our economy. Social, Cultural and Demographic Forces Agriculture generates productive employment opportunities for 45 percent of the country’s labor force and 60 percent of the rural population depends upon this sector for its livelihood. * Established 40 surveillance and 66 rapid response units (RRUs). * Processed 0.4 million samples of blood, tissues and swabs for screening against Avian Influenza * Establishment of the Bio security Laboratory-3 is under process * Disbursed Rs. 23.5 million as compensation to Avian Influenza affected farmers Pakistan is maintaining Avian Influenza (bird flu) free status since June 2008 million tons was from marine production and the remaining came from inland waters. In July-March, 2010-11 the production was estimated to be 937,082 million tons, where 672,652 million tons was marine and the remaining was produced by inland fishery sector. Recognizing the vital role the sector plays in ensuring food security, generating overall economic growth, reducing poverty and the transforming towards industrialization. Political, Legal and Governmental Forces The present government is determined to improve the quality of life of the people and to banish hunger and malnutrition from the country by making agriculture an efficient, productive and profitable sector of the economy. In order to improve governance in the public sector the government took bold steps and brought in the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of 1973. Accordingly, Ministries performing tasks which were provincial subjects were devolved from the Federal level, including the Ministry of Food and agriculture. Two major steps in order to solve the food security issues on a permanent basis; The first step is the establishment of the National Food Security Council representing Federal, Provincial and local level Governments. Secondly, through a Letter of Intent the Ministry, in collaboration with World Food Program, is launching the Zero Hunger Program  worth US $ 1.6 billion to address the food security objective. A total of 290 veterinary clinics have been established providing veterinary services at 70 percent reduced costs to rural farmers at their door steps i.e. 100 percent achievement. Technological Forces The Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSCRD) is engaged in providing seed certification coverage to public and private sector seed companies of the country. It provides seed quality control services through its 28 seed testing laboratories as well as monitoring of seed quality in the market. The activities and achievements of the department during 2011-12 are described below: * During the year 2011-12, forty-five (45) new seed companies were registered, making the total number of registered seed companies in the country 774, which includes four public sector and five multinational companies. * Twenty-two (22) new crop varieties were approved {(5) wheat, (11) cotton, (3) oilseeds, (2) pulses and (1) fodder}. * During 2011-12, different crops offered by the various seed agencies, totaling 502.6 thousand acres, were inspected for certification purposes. * During 2011-12, a total of 13.7 MT of imported seed of various crops and hybrids, with a total value of Rs. 3287.6 million, was tested under the Seed (Truth in Labeling) Rules. 1991 at the port of entries i.e. Lahore and Karachi. * Almost 718 samples of seed and propagating material of various vegetable and fruit crops were tested at the Central Seed Testing Laboratory, Islamabad for detection of fungal and viral disease using latest diagnosis techniques and protocols. The Federal Seed Certification and Registration Department (FSCRD) is engaged in providing seed certification coverage to public and private sector seed companies of the country. It provides seed quality control services through its 28 seed testing laboratories as well as monitoring of seed quality in the market. Competitive Forces Pakistan is member of the Cairns Group (an alliance of 18 countries looking for ambitious outcome in the Market Access areas), G-20 (group for safeguarding interest of developing countries in agriculture negotiations) and the G-33 (group of developing countries and LDCs aiming to get preferential terms in Market Access and Special and Differential treatment). In negotiations on market access, domestic support and export competition, Pakistan’s stance is supportive of the G-20 collective position. Pakistan strongly supports improvement in market access by reducing tariffs, reducing tariff escalation, and eliminating tariff peaks. Pakistan also works closely with the Cairns Group on tropical products issues. Pakistan has entered into Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with China, Malaysia and Sri Lanka and has exchanged a draft FTA with Singapore which includes an investment protection clause. In addition to WTO membership, Pakistan is party to two agreements for regional trade liberalization. The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) comprised of Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan; and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) with India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal and the Maldives. A Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) have been in place between Pakistan and the United States since July 2003. Both countries are now negotiating a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). Telecom Industry Telecommunication: Word Telecommunication has two parts. One is Tele and other is Communication. Communication means conveying or disseminating the information. Word Tele is a Latin word which means far off. Telecommunication is the dissemination of signals to a far palace for the purpose of sharing some message or idea. In ancient time codes, smokes, drums or other components were used for conveying information but now a day telephones, fax, emails etc is used. So now the new definition of Telecommunication states sharing of data over a distance, through electric means. Telecom Sector in the World: In this fastest growing world information flows through the signals and cables in form voice or text. Telecommunication is not just bringing the people together but it is also bringing different economies, cultures and countries together. Now we can see the whole world as a Global Village. Now Telecommunication is an essential part of our lives. With the Expansion of this sector, the world has gained about $3.85 trillion in year 2008. And the service revenues have reached about $2 Trillion and Expected to reach the level of $3 Trillion in 2013. And this revenue is about 3% of the World GDP. The major part of telecom sector is internet and Telephones. Telecom Sector in Pakistan: Pakistan is on the verge of Telecom revolution Pakistan continues to be one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. Reforms introduced by successive Pakistani governments over the last decade have dramatically changed the nature of telecommunications in the country. The Pakistani telecom sector has attracted more than $9 billion in foreign investments. During 2007-08, the Pakistani Communication sector alone received $ 1.62 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – about 30% of the country’s total foreign direct investment. By March 2009, Pakistan had 91 million mobile subscribers – 25 million more subscribers than reported in the same period 2008. In addition to 3.1 million fixed lines, while as many as 2.4 million are using Wireless Local Loop connections Pakistan is ranked 4th in terms of broadband Internet growth in the world, as the subscriber base of broadband Internet has been increasing rapidly with the total base crossing 170,000 in the country. The rankings are released by Point Topic Global broadband analysis, a global research centre. Pakistan according to PC World was amongst those top five countries with the highest SMS traffic processed with 763 million SMS during 2008-09. In terms of year-on-year growth, Pakistan traffic volume grew by 253 percent compared to last year during the same period. The contribution of telecom sector to the national exchequer increased to Rs 110 billion in the year 2007-08 on account of general sales tax, activation charges and other steps as compared to Rs 100 billion in the year 2006-07.Pakistan telecom industry is handling the telecom companies  which are operating at this time like Mobilink, Ufone, Warid, Telenor, Zong etc†¦

Criminology Essays Fingerprints Science Crime

Criminology Essays Fingerprints Science Crime Fingerprints Science Crime â€Å"Discuss the importance of fingerprints within forensic science citing appropriate examples† Fingerprints have always been a form of identification. This is probably the reason why fingerprints have supplanted most methods of identifying criminals that deny ever being arrested or even committing the crime. Identifying fingerprints has become a science and it also stands out to many other forensic sciences ( www.onin.com). The science of fingerprints, has helped many goverments around the world, presenting them with correct discovery of criminals (www.onin.com). There are millions of people on this planet and never have 2 fingerprints been found that are alike within humans and automated computer comparisons (www.onin.com). No 2 humans have the same finger, palm or footprint. These parts of the human body have ridges that are constantly broken up by endings or forks, these are called characteristics (www.south-wales.police.uk). Every person has unique distributions of the characteristics that build up in womb and through out life in general, these characteristics stay the same for a time after death too so it makes identifying a body possible (www.south-wales.police.uk). People have often tried to alter their fingerprints with different methods like cutting their fingerprints, burning the skin with acid but that doesn’t work because, superficial skin damage is repaired by the body so the same ridges come back with the new skin that forms (www.south-wales.police.uk). Fingerprints are formed by our skin and our skin is made out of two layers, dermis and epidermis (www.south-wales.police.uk). The epidermis is a thin layer and it is a protective cover of the dermis which is the thicker layer of skin that contains sweat and sebaceous glands (www.south-wales.police.uk). Now a sweat gland, consists of salt, water and urea and the sebaceous gland releases oils on the skin surface (www.south-wales.police.uk). When we come in contact with something, we leave a mark because of the products that are produced by the glands, resulting in a fingerprint mark (www.south-wales.police.uk). When our fingers are dirty or even oily, then our fingerprints can be visible (www.south-wales.police.uk). When going to a crime scene, you often stumble upon fingerprints. Fingerprints, are very valuable evidence when identifying a suspect. If the prints are in sequence, you can very easily identify the hand or finger of origin. Unfortunately, fingerprints collected at a crime scene are rarely in sequence and customarily incomplete as a consequence, it is very difficult to define which hand left the print. So these types of fingerprints are called latent fingerprints (www.south-wales.police.uk). Now latent fingerprints can be left on all surfaces including skin and there are different ways to detect and make them visible like different powders, alternate lights and lasers (www.south-wales.police.uk). There are more types of prints like visible prints, that are also referred to as patent prints and these prints are apparent to the naked eye because they are normally found in blood or something that would make a mold of the print (www.virtualsciencefair.org). When a finger comes in contact with dirt, ink or grease and then the finger touches a smooth surface then there is a visible impression of the ridge (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Another type of prints are called impressed prints or plastic prints, these prints are basically an indentation that is left in a soft surface like wax, paint or clay, they are visible prints that you can look at and photograph (www.virtualsciencefair.org). There are different patterned fingerprints, one of these is called Arches (www.virtualsciencefair.org). 5 % of fingerprint patterns are arches, the ridges of the skin go from side to side without making a backward turn (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Normally, there is no delta in an arch outline but where there a delta, no re-curving ridge must interfere among the core and delta points (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Even with in patterns, there are pattern, there are four kinds of arch patterns: plain arches, radial arches, ulnar arches and tented arches (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Plain arches have an smooth run of ridges from one area to the other of the outline, no â€Å"major up thrusts† and the ridges go into on one part of the impression, and run out the other with a increase or wave in the middle (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The ridges of radial arches incline towards the thumb; they have one delta and no re-curving ridges (www.virtualsciencefair.org). On ulnar arches, the ridges incline towards the small finger, they also have one delta and no re-curving ridges (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Tented arches have an angle, an up thrust, or two of the three basic characteristics of the loop. They don’t flow the same way that plain arches do and above all have â€Å"significant up thrusts† in the ridges near the middle that position themselves on both sides of a spine towards which the bordering ridges meet and come out to form tents (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Another fingerprint pattern are the Loops, they occur in about 60-70 % of the fingerprint patterns encountered (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The ridge enters on either side of the impression, re-curve, and touches or crosses the line that forms from the delta to the core and finishes on or in the course of the side where the ridge or ridges entered (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Each loop outline has one delta and one core and has a ridge count (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å" Radial loops are named after the radius, a bone in the forearm that joins the hand on the same side as the thumb† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). The run of the pattern in radial loops runs in the route of the radius (toward the thumb) (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Radial loops are not very frequent and on most occasions radial loops will be found on the index fingers (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Ulnar loops are named after the ulna, a bone in the forearm† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"The ulna is on the same side as the little finger and the flow of the pattern in a ulnar loop runs in the direction of the ulna (toward the little finger)† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Whorls are found in about 25-35 % of fingerprint patterns dealt with (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"In a whorl, some of the ridges make a turn through at least one circuit† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Any fingerprint outline that has 2 or more deltas is considered a whorl pattern (www.virtualsciencefair.org). There are four types of whorl patterns, Plain whorls that have of one or more ridges which make a complete circuit with two deltas, and causes an imaginary line drawn and at least one re-curving ridge within the inner outline area is cut or touched (www.virtualsciencefair.org).† â€Å"Central pocket loop whorls have at least one re-curving ridge or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow, with two deltas, between which when an imaginary line is drawn, no re-curving ridge within the pattern area is cut or touched† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Central pocket loop whorl ridges make one complete circuit which may be spiral, oval, circular or any variant of a circle† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Double loop whorls are made of two separate and individual loop formations with two different and distinct shoulders for each core, two deltas and one or more ridges which make, a complete circuit (www.virtualsciencefair.org). â€Å"Among the two at least one re-curving ridge within the inner pattern area is cut when an imaginary line is drawn† (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Accidental whorls are made of two dissimilar types of patterns with the exclusion of the plain arch, they have two or more deltas or a pattern which have some of the requirements for two or more different types (www.virtualsciencefair.org). Crime scene fingerprints need to be matched with fingerprints already in a file, if the suspect has never been convicted, then his fingerprints will not have been recorded so they cant compare them (www.south-wales.police.uk). For this reason, when a suspect is charged, they get fingerprinted and if there are 16 points of similarity with the prints at the crime scene it can be presented in court as evidence (www.south-wales.police.uk). Serious issues of fingerprint fraud have started to come to light; many people have been facing jail time because they have told them that their fingerprints have been found at a crime scene. In 2004 Brandon Mayfield was wrongly accused for the terrorist act in Madrid. They told him that his fingerprints were found on a explosives bag that was used to bomb a train in Madrid which resulted in the loss of 191 lives (www.news.bbc.co.uk). This news was shocking since the prime suspect hadn’t left the country in 10 years and that he had never visited Spain (www.news.bbc.co.uk). The suspect was at the time 38 years old and served 8 years in the military army (www.news.bbc.co.uk). He lived in Portland Oregon U.S.A (www.news.bbc.co.uk). He had never been arrested until the day the F.B.I showed up at his house and took him away (www.news.bbc.co.uk). At the end of this, it was proven that the fingerprint did not belong to Mayfield but to an Algerian man said to have been linked to al-Qaeda (www.news.bbc.co.uk). Fingerprints within forensic science is very important even thought there is a very big debate on whether or not it is the right way to go about crime scenes. We have seen the different types of fingerprints, what they are made from, we have gone through a case where fingerprints where not substantial evidence and put an innocent man in prison for a while. So with this I conclude that fingerprints are important the art of fingerprints just needs to be perfect so that the real criminals get what they deserve. References Hodierne, R. (2004) Military lawyers defend civil liberties [on line]. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4066775.stm [Accessed on 15 November 2007] Available from: http://www.south-wales.police.uk/fe/master.asp?n1=8n2=253n3=1028 [Accessed on 13 November 2007] Moore, G. History of fingerprints [on line]. Available from: http://www.onin.com/fp/fphistory.html [Accessed 15 November 2007] Available from: http://www.virtualsciencefair.org/2004/fren4j0/public_html/types_prints.htm [Accessed 12 November 2007] Inderjit Singh, P.K. Chattopadhyay and R.K. Garg.(1995). Forensic Science International Volume 152, Issues 2-3, 10 September 2005, Pages 205-208